Saint Lazarus cemetery (necropolis of the XVIII century.) (Saint Petersburg)

 necropolis, UNESCO World Heritage Site, listed building / architectural heritage, green area

Steps under the arch of the gate Skorbyaschenskoy Saints Church, feeling the strength to penetrate the historical landscape that emerged outside of the laurels and not undergone significant changes over the decades. Travel between necropolises fence leading to the 1 st Lavrskaya Bridge Monastyrku, paved with stone blocks and stone slabs. In fencing symmetrically distributed on the entrance gate. On the left - the entrance to the necropolis of the XVIII century.


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This is a place - a kind of nucleus, which began construction of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. We know that when in July 1710 Peter I, accompanied by future archimandrite Nevsky monastery, and then the prior of the monastery Hutynskogo Novgorod Feodossia (Yanovsky), Alexander Menshikov, FM Apraksin, GI Golovkina, I. A. Musin-Pushkin seen the terrain, the two shores of the Black River were vodruzheny wooden crosses. In 1712, on the left bank laid the first wooden church. It was consecrated March 25, 1713 in memory of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and was a square building topped with a spire with a drum and a cross. For her to the altar in 1717, there was a small stone church Lazarevskaya tomb.

Near built mazankovye cells, nastoyatelskie Chamber, business services and other "partikulyarnoe structure, basically ready as early as 1714, here at the site of the future Lazarevsky cemetery, located in a monastery while on the opposite bank deployed a stone" General Building "Project D. Trezzini, approved in 1715 in the 1712-1715 biennium. from the Admiralty and the monastery on the connection with the Moscow трактом laying "pershpektivnaya Road" (present Nevsky Prospect). Passage of the road through the monastery courtyard extends to the Black River, through which in 1712 built pontoon bridge, converted two years later in the lift. Six mazankovyh cells for the monks placed in pairs on the left side of travel. By the fence of the Neva was the building of the monastery's office. Right of passage, in the necropolis of the Masters of Arts, located nastoyatelskie chamber and a large garden with oranzhereyami4. Above the main gate erected belfry, which by 1730-m he. "Very obvet-Shala, and in its place in 1754 was on the draft MD Rastorgueva built a magnificent three-tiered wooden belfry. On the part of the Neva was another bell with mazankovym top and a wooden spire.

Location of the first wooden Annunciation Church can be set to preserve Lazarevskoye Tomb stone building, the construction in the late XVIII century. began to place the original monastic church. Obviously, in the Church of the Annunciation and the first burial took place: P. Ushakov in 1714 he "AM Golovin in 1718, BP Sheremetev in 1719, AA Wade, and J. F. Dolgoruky in 1720 d. There is evidence that the monastery in 1718, he was buried, the famous "Prince-Caesar" by F. Yu Romodanovsky. In the 1756-1758 biennium. built a new wooden Annunciation Church, north of the former, then pulled down. She was five, with a gallery at the entrance, decorated with nine kolonnami8. Initial burial of the old church is not preserved, except for the tomb of Field Marshal BP Sheremetev, whose descendants gave the funds to expand Lazarevskoye church and the construction of a new monument. Restructuring Lazarevskoye church took place in the 1787-1789 biennium. When was demolished and a second wooden Annunciation Church, served as a parish (its functions transferred to the newly constructed church Skorbyaschenskoy). A. Bogdanov in "Description of St. Petersburg", referring to the middle of the XVIII century., Referred to the cemetery in the Nevsky Monastery in the wooden church of the Blessed Virgin "9. At the same time include a reference in the archives of the monastery on the spot "for the monastery, where the dead put." Obviously, for the residents podmonastyrskoy sloboda separate parish cemetery, while inside the monastery walls buried only by special permission. In the 1783-1786 biennium. Saints built a monastery gate-gate church in the name of an icon of Mother of God Joy of All Who Sorrow. Built on the draft IE Starova temple became the center of the group, created at the entrance to the monastery from the Nevsky Prospect. At the same time were built of stone fences, which determined the final boundaries of the cemetery Lazarevsky entirely took former monastery courtyard. Burials continued there until the beginning of XX century.

The necropolis of the XVIII century. to a greater extent than any other St. Petersburg cemetery, preserved its historical landscape. The main features of layout, location of individual monuments, inscribed in the descriptions of the laurels of XVIII-XIX centuries., Remained unchanged. The face of the cemetery set monuments created in the first half of XVIII-XIX century. Although preserved and later gravestones. All of this leads to see Лазаревском necropolis unique artistic integrity of the historic complex.

Although in 1823 he was based Novo Lazarevskoye cemetery, burials continued in both the necropolis. Spiritual Church laurels in 1859 noted that "the cemetery Lavrskaya, with a currently still a relatively free space, not open to all, as the city cemetery, and buried here, only a few persons lived on the duties of royal service and individual honors, with the consent of their bosses and the Monastery of special respect, but at the burial, except for the execution of common to this subject legitimizing observed yet, and that the graves are always obkladyvayutsya brick walls and arches of 12. Tombstones are invariably characterized by the high quality of execution, the richness of the material. Monuments to the cemetery to create Lazarevsky I. Martos, M. Kozlovsky, I. Prokofiev, F. P. Tolstoy, the master of the most famous St. Petersburg monumentnyh workshops Zemmelgaka, Triscorni, Maderni. The names of the tracks necropolis associated with Cush-century monuments, which are: Lomonosovskaya, Rossievskaya, Betankurovskaya, Zaharovskaya, Radischevskaya, Starovskaya and Fonvizinskaya. From the entrance of the necropolis is paved with bricks Petrovskaya path, it passes through the center of the necropolis track artists.

For Lazarevsky characterized by preserved ancestral graveyard slot. Thus, near the entrance to the necropolis are monuments Olhinyh, Rostovtsev, Kusov and Kokushkinyh - representatives of St. Petersburg's rich merchants, linked by family ties. At the same sites of related families Jakovleva, Zimin, Avdulinyh, Shishmarevk grown from Ostashkovskoye peasant Savva Yakovlev, the largest Russian breeder in Hush.

Although initially buried at the cemetery Лазаревском only nobility, with the 1740-ies. appear and merchant sites. Usual fee for burial at a cemetery in the middle of Лазаревском in Hush. was fifty rubles, burial in the church worth twice the price. Major funding is also sought an order funeral, memorial meal to the monks, etc. Near Lazarevskoye Tomb-family nest Sheremetev, Kolychevyh, Khitrovo closely related genealogy. Many in the necropolis of monuments kind Demidovs associated with IE were architects of Old and AF Kokorin. There is a number of monuments Mordvinova, Stolypin, Muraviev, porodnyavshihsya in different generations. Name Lomonosov presented gravestones of his daughter and granddaughter, near a monument to the scientist, as well as sarkofazhtsem Nikolenki Volkonsky with the epitaph, written by Alexander Pushkin - from the southern fence necropolis. Nikolenki mother, wife decembrist SG Volkonsky, Maria Nikolaevna Raevskaya, Lomonosova-granddaughter of the mother.

In Лазаревском necropolis buried: widow of Alexander Pushkin, Natalia, with her second husband, General PP Lanskoe; wife AN Radishchev, GR Derzhavina, mother KN Batyushkova, N. P . Ogareva, poet Decembrist AI Odoevskogo and other relatives of our famous writers, musicians and scientists.