Zasechnaya cherta (Great Abatis Border)

 place with historical importance, fortification, nature conservation park / area, invisible

Tula zaseki. «Russian Great Wall». The biggest fortresses of Russia.
Zasechnaya bar (zasechnaya line, line) - the system of fortifications, used with the XIII century and has received a special development in the XVI-XVII century on the southern borders of the Russian state to protect against the invasion of Mongol-Tatar and Crimean troops, as well as a foothold in the attack on opponent. In addition to defensive purposes, feature gives the state new and sparsely populated land area, with the arrival or transfer to which the peasant population''in the''eternal life and the development of agriculture, the natural process of colonization of the province. It was a slow but steady and effective attack on the space of the Wild Field.
Zasechnaya feature consisted of individual plots -''zasek''. Created''zaseki'', as follows: forest prosekalsya band of 20 - 30 fathoms. In order to camouflage from the enemy, deep in the woods, at the height of human growth hem trees and valilis direction''to''field, ie vershinami''v''toward the probability of the enemy, with some trees left lying on pnyah. Sazhen in 25''or as comely to rassmotreniyu''shla narrow track (stitch), so that it could pass only one konnomu guard (zasechnomu), to stitch any more had no right to travel. From the stitches could be seen, the status of the shaft srublennyh trees. Thus in the forest are created through a sort of''teeth'', among which were felled trees, which makes it impossible to advance the horse, and even walking ratification. In particularly dangerous areas, some tried to escape''ravenous pit''(disguised top twigs and grass pits with a sharp-tipped staves on the bottom), scattered prickles''damage''to the hoofs of the horses,''ustanavlivalis''samostrely and other cunning traps that can scare the enemy, and to complicate or delay its progression, and in case of success, even damage.
To create zasechnoy features extensive use of local natural constraints: rivers, lakes, swamps, ravines. At the bare open intervals constructed shafts, dug rvy, created palisade of sharpened logs, these and other obstacles often alternated between them.
Actions zasechnyh guards backed military - engineering structures designed specifically for patrol service. On forest roads, ferries and nodes arranged to strengthen the ground firmly, kreposttsy, towers, who were often armed with guns. It also settled and ратные people. Nearby, at a distance of 1-2 km. from each other were signaling towers, usually used for the high trees or mounds. Since they could give a signal of the approaching enemy. U of zasek arranged sentinel posts of''bird's nest''at the high trees, which were alternately guards monitor the area.
Zasechnaya Guard (militia) are in the second half of XVI century to the 35 thousand ратных people. Zasekami knew zasechnye counterman, Voivod, head, who reports to the Local and pripisnye guards. Forest strengthen the strictly guarded border magistrates. In order to prevent fires, the local population precluded the collection of berries and mushrooms in the area of protected forests, and it is strictly prohibited logging and construction of new roads and trails. For zasechnyh damage to buildings and forests porubku impose fines, but could follow a more severe punishment. The population was over the line zasechnuyu only in certain places - zasechnyh gate. For the condition of forest debris following special zasechnye''guard''and when it detects damage, they are immediately eliminated, creating additional debris, and when it is impossible to restore the other constructed obstacles. To cover the cost of strengthening zasechnoy line with the population going to the special tribute - zasechnye money. K XVI - XVII centuries. zasechnoe''case''has reached a high level of fortification.

Tula ZASEKI - valuable forests in the Tula region. Located on the border of forest and steppe. Sq. 74.3 thousand hectares. Available-lane width. 2-5 km. Dubrava alternating with areas of ashen and linden forests, as well as analysis of the logging of indigenous forests and birch Osinniki. About zasek and among individual forests are small groves and pereleski. Basic. species - oak, ash usual, linden melkolistnaya. In large areas of a forest culture, ch. arr. oak.
Tula zaseki posted where from 13 to. on the South. Russian border. state-created barrier islands (zasechnye line in the primary. against the Tatars) from fallen trees, ditches, the fortified jail. There were strategic. value in the 16-17 centuries. In the beginning. 18. attributed to the Tula Arms Factory. The forests were organized timber x-in, first in Russia established forestry and the forest guard. In 1762 most of the zasechnyh forests for sale to private owners. Since the XIX century in the Tula zasekah began working forest. Forests are divided into sections, each defined by its time logging and planting. The area of each quarter, equal to 100 tithe. In those years, were first organized forestry.
All zasechnye forests represent a unique experimental platform for scientists, environmentalists. Ecology examines the evolution of vegetation and soil, restoration of ecosystems ing after the economic impacts (logging, raspashek), after the fires. These processes have lasted for decades and centuries, why so difficult here to organize and carry out model experiments. Therefore, such a value to science are areas where the state was recorded in historical documents. Zaseki this advantage over the other territories: from the XVI century there is written evidence of their condition. This book zasek sentinel, pistsovye, numerous documents for the sale of zasechnyh forests, which can be found a wealth of information on the age and composition of forests, land use and other information.

It is in zasekah preserved some areas, probably not experienced thinning (eg, in the reserve "Kaluga zaseki). The study of such primitive biological communities is the "key" to many theoretical constructions in forest ecology.

In 1989-1992, one of the independent laboratory conducted a comprehensive environmental study Zaokskoy features and proposed a project for its restoration and protection. Unfortunately, the project went on the shelf. " Meanwhile, it's not too late to take steps to keep in mind if history zasek: talk about them in programs for students of history or geography, to environmental education in history and biological collections. And who knows, maybe in future generations will be indifferent people who, at least in part, revived the "green wall of Russia, and on the spot bare wasteland again zashumyat deciduous forest.

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